The location of businesses Essay Example for Free

The area of organizations Essay Organizations can pick where to find. Once in a while decision of area is basic. In different cases it is less significant. What is the distinction? What's more, what happens when a correct decision out of nowhere turns into an off-base decision? Components impacting area Every business finds where it figures it will be fruitful. In the event that you recall that organizations need:  staff to work there  raw materials to deliver completed items * clients  to keep their expenses as low as conceivable then their purposes behind picking a specific area start to bode well. Neighborhood work flexibly All associations should have the option to utilize staff. So it bodes well to find where individuals live. An industrial facility in a remote piece of the Scottish Highlands would experience difficulty discovering anybody to work there. Motorway administration stations need to pay to move their staff from neighborhood towns and towns to the station itself, a cost which different organizations can stay away from. The variables which impact a specific territory are frequently neighborhood aptitudes and cost of work. Nearby aptitudes In certain pieces of the nation specific abilities are a custom. In the event that you needed to set up a business making stoneware you would be reasonable to situate in the Midlands, around Stoke-On-Trent. On the off chance that you needed to make cutlery, at that point Sheffield is the spot. On the off chance that you were making boots or shoes, at that point Northamptonshire is the region for you. Presumably the most acclaimed models today are in the United States. Silicon Valley and Seattle are prestigious for their PC ventures, so this is the place superstar software engineers head for. California is the home of the film business, so on the off chance that you were quick to take a shot at enhancements and computerized innovation, this is the place you would go. Englands Silicon Valley is situated along the M4. The territory is additionally acclaimed for Formula One engine dashing firms. Scotland has its own Silicon Glen and Cambridge is building a notoriety for and is presently known as Silicon Fen. Firms needing to spend significant time in these specific ventures realize that on the off chance that they situate in these regions they will have the option to enlist staff with abilities they need. The City Of London is prestigious for its money related abilities and aptitude, so this is the place you would discover enormous universal banks, stockbrokers and protection firms. Different firms dont need specific aptitudes or perhaps ready to prepare incompetent staff. Firms accomplishing light get together work frequently find where there is a prepared gracefully of modest (regularly female) work. A significant number of these have set up where conventional businesses, for example, mining, have shut. Zones with high joblessness have lower wage rates the opposition for occupations keeps wage rates down. At the north of Celynen Colliery in Wales, Aiwa utilizes 1,000 individuals making recordings and in the Rhondda Valley the core of the old Welsh mining industry Taxdata utilizes 250 individuals making CD bundling. In the Dearne Valley in South Yorkshire, at a previous colliery, more than 2,000 individuals work for Ventura part of the Next gathering organizations. Ventura is a call community and mail-dealing with organization which handles more than 7,000,000 client represents different customers, for example, Cellnet and the Cooperative bank. Call focuses utilize administrators furnished with a PC and phone whose undertaking is to answer phone enquiries or phone existing or potential clients to create more deals for organizations. Today around 150,000 individuals in the UK work in call focuses. The vast majority of these are situated in parts of the nation where compensation rates are lower. Be that as it may, in certain spots, for example, Tyneside, Leeds and Glasgow, where many call communities have been set up, rivalry for experienced is presently expanding and pay rates are increasing. So the pool of talented work in the zone is influencing the expense for firms. The expense of work will consistently be increasingly critical to organizations that are more work escalated than those which are capital concentrated. A work serious is one which needs a higher number of staff, for example, call focuses or schools and universities. A capital escalated business is one where machines or innovation do a large portion of the work as in a cutting edge power producing plant. Here the expense of work is less significant in the decision of area. The Cost of Premises The expense of premises is dictated by the powers of interest and gracefully. The more prominent the interest for premises and the less there are accessible the higher the expense. For that reason, premises in downtown areas particularly in London are substantially more costly than the expense of premises in suburbia or in the locales. For instance, the rent of an enormous store (60,000 square feet) in Oxford Street, London, was marked down for I 12,000,000 of every 1997! This is on the grounds that Oxford Street is a prime site in a town an enormous high road store would be less yet not modest. In 1997, Mark Spencer purchased 19 high road stores from Littlewoods for I 192,500,000, paying over the chances for the stores it needed. They were really esteemed at around I 80,000,000. Premises on significant town community shopping courses are in every case more costly than on optional side lanes essentially in light of the fact that customers remain on the high road. Territories of high work with an excess of talented work Newbury, in Berkshire, is an ordinary model are more costly places to situate than zones where joblessness is high and the region discouraged, as in certain pieces of the north east. The outcome is that organizations that have no motivation to situate in London or the south east will move to different towns and urban communities. Those organizations which arent dependant on passing exchange will situate outside town and downtown areas in less expensive zones or on mechanical domains. Inside Britain, numerous neighborhood specialists offer bundles to urge organizations to situate in their general vicinity. They may offer money related help for enormous firms and decreased rents for little endeavors. Pro rental and renting organizations will offer alluring bundles empowering organizations to find effectively in extraordinary workspace locales, office edifices, business or retail focuses. A few communities are dealt with a focal banquet room, business benefits and shared gathering rooms. Retail units might be accessible on transient permit understandings, payable week after week. All these pull in associations to find where costs will be least and where, ideally, they will have the option to grow their business without significantly expanding their expenses. Money related Help from the Government If you live in London, south-east, or the east of England (e. g. Norwich), at that point you live in an authoritatively prosperous zone. In the event that you live anyplace else, the circumstance is extraordinary, in spite of the fact that in Scotland, Northern-Ireland, the West-Midlands and the south-west, thriving rose over the UK normal somewhere in the range of 1986 and 1996. Anyway the north-east, north-west, Yorkshire and Humberside, the East-Midlands and Wales all declined beneath the national normal. The European Union and the administration are worried about such imbalances. They might want all areas to be similarly prosperous. For quite a while in the UK there have been helped zones. These are regions of Britain where local guide might be given under European Community law. Territorial Selective Assistance (RSA) is the fundamental type of such a guide in Britain. This is an optional award granted to help a venture which will animate work openings, increment territorial seriousness and improve flourishing. Somewhere in the range of 1985 and 1988, the plan made 100,000 occupations, diminishing work by 0. 5 percent in the Assisted Areas, at an expense of I 130,000,000 per year. In 1998 the European rules on provincial guide changed and all part states were approached to propose new Assisted Areas to work from first January 2000. In July 1999 the Department of Trade and Industry set forward the new recommendations which incorporated the accompanying.  Tier One (most extreme) help for Cornwall, Merseyside, South-Yorkshire and West-Wales and the Valleys. Here awards of up to 40 percent of the undertaking cost will be accessible. The legislature has likewise recommended that Northern Ireland be treated as a remarkable case for help. Level Two help for regions most needing business creation, speculation and recovery. For these zones a 20 percent help award will be accessible. This remembers the Highlands and Islands and different regions for England, Wales and Scotland. Instead of assign towns or urban communities the legislature has utilized ward limits (which signify casting a ballot zones).  Tier Three help for Enterprise Grant Areas where help will be accessible to organizations utilizing up to 250 individuals. The point is to empower the advancement of private ventures as these are viewed as fundamental for improving work and success long haul. When the new Assisted Areas have been concurred by the European Commission, they will stay in power from first January 2000 to 31st December 2006. Transport Links for Suppliers and Distribution.

The importance of digital technology in life

The significance of advanced innovation throughout everyday life Our time has come to see the essential significance of computerized innovation in our day by day lives. It permits us to open an enormous assortment of data and correspondence information. Every sort of assignment, be it a normal errand or an occupation explicit undertaking requires advanced capability or education. Computerized proficiency can be characterized as the capacity to utilize advanced innovation, specialized apparatuses, and additionally systems to get to, oversee, coordinate, assess, and make data so as to work in an information society (Lemke, 2003). The execution of an effective methodology for the progression of computerized proficiency aptitudes is known to incorporate various parts that tackle obstacles for express socioeconomics, for example, mentality, age, socio㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ economic status, language, and provincial accessibility of assets. So as to increment computerized proficiency levels procedures must be focused on and executed, where fundamental for explic it populaces and circumstances keeping a record of various snags. As per (Castells, 2009) there is a mechanical change with the expanding utilization of web get to. Along these lines, innovation changes the mode or stage wherein we banter and procedure information. A meaningful development in execution of data and interchanges requires improvement in personal satisfaction and advancement by getting ready individuals for an information society. As said by (Castells 2009, pg 21) systems show quality in their adaptability, flexibility and ability to self arrange. Along these lines organizing is here to live and instruction has no other option yet grasp it. In this article the fundamental spotlight is on the need to create countries computerized abilities at all levels as it is step by step getting significant in the current time frame where innovation and its advantages are getting progressively refined and inescapable. By fundamentally examining in the case of building up the countrie s advanced aptitudes at all levels helps in accomplishing reasonableness as opposed to intensifying it within the sight of different imbalances? The Digital Britain report sets out an activity intend to contribute its maximum capacity to make sure about UKs place as one of the universes premier computerized information economies which is essentially subject to having enough individuals with the exact aptitudes in the specific spot at the exact time by applying new advances; further collecting a high class of experts and guaranteeing Britains future flourishing. The issue isn't just of monetary intensity, yet in addition of decency which is characterized as guaranteeing that all approach the substance, administrations and aptitudes to contribute and associate viably to the advanced economy and the advantages are accessible to all. There is a colossal scope of administrations conveyed on the web while additionally a risky danger to the individuals who need or battle to get to innovation. Viviane Reding, EU Commissioner for Information Society and Media (November 2007) accepts that It is neither ethically satisfactory nor financ ially supportable to abandon a great many individuals, unfit to utilize data and correspondences innovations to further their potential benefit. Anyway it is of highest significance to change the lives of the individuals who are prohibited so as to maintain a strategic distance from the significant pieces of our general public being denied and enduringly fall behind. However, the issues about computerized avoidance widen far away than guaranteeing access to web yet with the expanding job of the web in day by day life, an investigation of using the open doors offered by the web is of essential essentialness. To basically talk about the activities taken by The Digital Britain report in accordance with creating countries advanced aptitudes; it is required to comprehend and examine for what reason ought to there be a criticalness to expand on the countries abilities, what computerized aptitudes are as of now being conveyed, how these are prepared, how is it ensured that nobody passes up a great opportunity and in conclusion to what degree the commitment of web get to is helping the general public to improve the current disparities? In this article, we will talk about and contend the responses to these inquiries to help us in understanding the connection between computerized incorporation, advanced aptitudes and media education. The exposition will initially talk about the chance to guarantee that nobody is kept from access to broadband followed by raising the point about connecting with the general public to utilize and comprehend the advanced media lastly, furnishing them with the ability to create and gain the important computerized aptitudes to include themselves in the computerized economy with certainty and backing. At whatever point we talk about structure the countries aptitudes, the main thing which strikes a chord is the need to slant towards advanced economy. In todays changing business situation a large portion of the positions publicized by the enrollment specialists require probably some kind of IT-client expertise. In the year 2009 around 92% employments expected candidates to hold both general (equipment and programming aptitudes) and explicit application abilities, (for example, databases, and spreadsheets) specifically. For Britain to expand its intensity in the worldwide economy of 21st century, it requires to make mindfulness among individuals to grasp the advanced innovation for a sheltered theory of a data upheaval that can change all aspects of their lives. Hence the legislature has taken different motivated activities to teach everybody with a dream to shape a more promising time to come for Britain. Discussing UKs present scene according to national insights, the quantity of grown-ups who have never gotten to web in 2010 is about 9.2 million. The National Digital Participation Plan in a joint effort with Digital Britain Report has set a decided point of decreasing the quantity of non-web clients in the nation by 60% by 2014 by conquering the three hindrances to advanced incorporation accessibility, reasonableness and capacity. For this, the UKs government is resolved to circulate broadband administrations all around up to 2Mb/s by 2012 which is a critical advance to guarantee a greater amount of everyone in the UK will have a chance to access to the web. The Race Online for 2012 program in the UK challenges legislative and non㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ governmental partners to work on the whole to help the denied gatherings to improve advanced proficiency abilities making it moderate for them. As per (HM Government, Nov 2009) The best utilization of computerized innovation, either straightf orwardly or by implication to improve the lives and life odds everything being equal, especially the most denied, and the spots wherein they live. Henceforth, the different recommendations by Race online 2012, Digital Charter, Digital Champion and master Taskforce are considered to find a way to arrive at the following level for shaping a completely carefully drew in the public arena which empowers greatness and decency. Over late years the legislature has improved its comprehension of social rejection through investigation of companion examines and longitudinal studies. Data has gotten one of the central contributions to budgetary strategies, and data and (ICT) consistently got crucial for the capacity of endeavors, networks and people to contribute successfully in the worldwide economy (Hollifield and Donnermeyer, 2003). When carefully applied, ICTs prescribe possibilities by means of system impacts to limit social and financial imbalances and to continue imaginative market access in administrations and bolster riches creation. The premise of imbalances in web access and use are as often as possible implied back to utilization factors (cost of innovation, absence of data, capacity or operational abilities) and mental elements (anxiety about utilizing innovation or hesitance to take a stab at something new) (Van Dijk and Hacker, 2003). There is a vital need to handle the trouble of the specific people and networks who may have absence of information, the assets, or the capacity to accomplish a comparable chance to contribute in the public eye and mo netary life. For the ones working in progressively impeded networks, and who see the effect of innovation on people groups every day lives, the relations among advanced and social uniformity are seen no doubt. Notwithstanding, it is contended that the spotlight ought to be on organizing the business case for computerized incorporation quantitatively and subjectively. As per Castells regardless of the globes expanding interconnectivity there are a few people that are amazingly associated with a worldwide systems and others remain principally rejected. In this way the examination of global computerized techniques and European Union activities records key universal arrangement objectives: advanced fairness, openness for all, education and advanced skill, innovation to upgrade and innovation for consideration so as to increase better comprehension of the necessities and issues and by conveying moderate administrations to draw in people with the web sources in an alluring manner. Subsequently this clarifies how different global approach objectives causes people to conquer different mental elements like nervousness and absence of enthusiasm by accustoming them to the accessible innovation. As per (Reaching Out: Action Plan on Social Exclusion, September 2006) It is conceivable to stretch out chance to the least advantaged with the goal that they appreciate a greater amount of the decisions, possibilities and force that the remainder of society underestimates. Ofcom assumes a basic job in advancing media education and endures to work with partners thus to: offer individuals the chance and motivation to create capability and self-assurance to take part in interchanges innovation and computerized society; and refresh and permit individuals to deal with their own media movement (both utilization and creation). This contention lines up and concurs with the announcement made by Selwyn (2002) about the centrality of considering the different assortment of exercises which are related to web (use movement, speculations action, producing action, political action and social action). Accor

A Day in the Life of a Freelance Editor

A Day in the Life of a Freelance Editor Freelancing requires a lot of trial and error and many freelancers look back over their experience doing it with equal parts regret (at what they didnt do correctly at the beginning) and pride. Freelance editing is no different.With about 15 years of freelance editing on my resume, Ive seen the upside and the downside to the job. On the upside, Ive enjoyed the freedom that the job allowsâ€"particularly freedom to work from anywhere, as long as there is internet access. As a mother of three, this freedom has allowed me to work around my kids school schedules and be more flexible for things like the inevitable sick days that happen when you have school-age children. On the downside, there have been clients who wont pay, work thats either trickling in or too many deadlines at once, and a lot of business acumen that I had to pick up along the way.If youve ever been curious about what its like to be a freelance editor, heres a look at a day in the life of one.8 am â€" noon: Difficult proj ectsMornings are the best time to work for many writers and editors, particularly following a good nights sleep. Since a freelance editor often has several jobs going at once, I always used this time to tackle the most challenging tasks. From my experience, challenging tasks can include:Academic editing for English as a Second Language (ESL) writers, particularly long assignments such as a thesis or dissertation. While many ESL writers have mastered basic language structure and grammar, writing more in-depth on an academic topic can be especially difficult, requiring an editor to read carefully line by line to determine if there is logic and coherency. In some cases, I have had to paraphrase entire paragraphs of an academic assignment because the writer failed to use coherent language structure and grammar. This can be difficult and time consuming, particularly if the topic of research is something Im not familiar with.Copyediting for magazines, which requires careful reading of all content, including photo captions, the masthead, and advertisements. Magazines and other publications have been hit hard in recent years by a readership that increasingly consumes its news and information online or via smartphones. The financial strength of many publications has weakened and is showing signs that it will continue to do so even more in the coming year. In order to cut costs, which many publications are finding necessary, some are turning to freelance editors to copyedit the issue before it is sent to print. Its easier to higher a freelancer for a few hours work than it is to hire a full-time, on-staff editor.Academic editing for peer reviewed journal submissions. These types of projects involve extensive research on the writers end, so in many cases, writers arent focused on grammar or syntax as much as they are focused on getting the data gathered in their research correct. As with academic editing for ESL writers, these types of assignments can be especially chall enging for a freelance editor because they involve a lot of terminology and research that might be beyond the freelancers expertise.Noon â€" 2 pm: Business and client maintenanceOne of the most surprising things new freelance editors run into as they do their work is how much effort needs to go into advertising your services and keeping a steady stream of new projects coming in. While you might have several projects going at once and feel like youre busy and successful in freelancing, as soon as those deadlines pass and the projects are over, if you havent sought out new work and additional clients, youll find yourself to be out of work. This is the dreaded feast or famine that many freelance editors experience and it can be challenging to avoid unless youre working daily to attract new business. This requires extensive focus on things such as:Email and/or newsletter campaigns to attract new clientsMaintaining an online profile, such as the ones featured on ServiceScape.com. These p rofiles take time to write, and in many cases, require that you upload a portfolio of your editing work. Keep in mind that when you upload your portfolio, be sure that the writer has approved having his or her writing uploaded publicly. In many cases, the writer might be too embarrassed to show how much editing was required for their work and/or might not want their name posted for all to see.Telephone and/or email communication with current clients to ensure that the job you are doing for them meets their expectationsCommunicating with other creatives who might be part of a team on the project youre editing. This is especially true if you are editing content for a website, which usually involves the creative work of several other people.Building and maintaining a website (if you have one). If you have a freelancer profile on freelancer websites, you might be able to skip this part.Invoicing current clients for work already completed. This involves looking back over the time you spe nd on a project and determining how much to charge. You will have likely already discussed this with the client beforehand, so keeping good records of bids youve made is a wise move.Tracking down clients who wont pay or who are behind on their payments. This one was always tough for me because I wanted to focus on the work instead of tracking down payment for it. However, it is part of every freelancers experience at some time or another and is something youll need to put considerable time and effort into if you dont want to be taken advantage of by unscrupulous clients.Bidding on new projects through sites such as Upwork.com. While some freelancer websites have a set price and allow the clients to find a freelance editor by looking through profiles and skillsets, others require that you bid on a project and set your own price for your work.2 pm â€" 5 pm: Easier projectsAfternoons are a great time to tackle the easier projects on your desk, especially if your afternoons are interrup ted by children getting home from school or other family obligations. Some examples of projects that I enjoyed doing most in the afternoon as a freelance editor were editing:Novels, short stories, or other works of fictionLetters (yes, many clients like to have their personal or business correspondence edited by a professional before they send it)Website content, such as blogs, online catalogues, or even food menus8 pm â€" 10 pm: Reading timeOne of the most important things to remember about working as a freelance editor is that in order to do your job well, you should readâ€"a lot! Reading not only sharpens your mind and hones your skills for spelling, grammar, and syntax, it also keeps you up-to-date on the competition out there faced by your clients who are writers. Knowing this competition and knowing what publishers are publishing enables you to provide informed, solid advice when your client requests comprehensive feedback from you.Reading not only sharpens your mind and hones your skills for spelling, grammar, and syntax, it also keeps you up-to-date on the competition out there faced by your clients who are writers. Photo by Kate Williams on Unsplash.So, you want to be a freelance editor?If this day in the life of a freelance editor sounds like something youd want to do, there are several ways to get started and build your freelance business. Obviously, you need to have some expertise when it comes to writing, spelling, punctuation, and English grammar as a whole, but you dont necessarily have to have a degree in journalism or English to start your freelance editing business. While some freelancer profile sites require that you show academic credentials (at the very least, a BA or BS degree), starting your own freelance editing business without using these websites is possibleâ€"especially if youve already built a solid reputation as a great editor through other avenues and through word of mouth.The skillset that will be most useful to you as a freelan ce editor will be your ability to do a thorough job under time pressure, since most projects you receive will have impending deadlines. In many cases, youll receive work that the writer finished last-minute, without leaving very much time at all for the editing process. You might also receive work that needs to be done immediately (within and hour or two), especially if it is business correspondence or emails that need to be sent as soon as possible.Ultimately, being a freelance editor comes with its challenges, but is a great way to earn extra money on the side of your full-time job until you can build up a client base and make it a full-time endeavor. The good part about doing freelance editing as a side project is that it will give you time to build your business and reputation as an editor without having to stress over making enough each month to cover your bills.

Trends in Workplace - 17940 Words

Trends in Workplace Learning: Supply and Demand in Interesting Times By Laurie Bassi, Scott Cheney, and Eleesha Lewis The ancient Chinese saying May you live in interesting times has perhaps never been more relevant. As the 1990s draw to a close and the new millennium fast approaches, life is phenomenally interesting--and demanding. Professionals who are responsible for workplace learning and performance improvement are squarely in the center of the swirl of exciting possibilities--and requirements--that are emerging. The inextricable link between rapid technological change and the emergence of the global economy has created the necessity for profound change in the way people and organizations work. As a result, workplace learning is†¦show more content†¦In many ways, this is nothing new at all. A firm s knowledge--the brains of its employees, their know-how, the processes and customer knowledge that they create--has always been a source of competitive advantage. And by extension, so too has been knowledge management--the processes by which a firm creates and leverages knowledge. Whatis unique about the knowledge era is that knowledge is becoming the primary source of competitive advantage within a growing number of industries. Organizations from industrial-era industries, such as automobile manufacturing, to information-age industries such as consulting are recognizing that they each have a unique storehouse of knowledge, and that the future belongs to those that can grow their knowledge fastest and then apply and use it best. With the benefit of hindsight, it is apparent that in the knowledge era, creating and leveraging knowledge is the business of business. By all available measures, the stock market is already providing handsome rewards to companies that successfully leverage their knowledge--a phenomenon that will almost surely grow in significance as knowledge-based organizations increase in size and number. 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For instance, the development of technology has brought electronic communication to the forefront with

The, Loss, And Isolation Of The Novel The Twelfth Tale

The theme of The Thirteenth Tale is one of the major key points that makes the story feel the way it feels. There are deep elements that come together to make this dark melancholy outlook throughout the story. Many of which are the biggest contributor’s is how the story portrays death, Jane Eyre, loss, and isolation of the characters within the world. By far the biggest contributor to the theme of the book would be death. Death is deeply explored when Margaret discovers that she has a dead twin and when Margret also mentions death within stories is what makes them interesting to her â€Å"I read old novels. The reason is simple: I prefer proper endings. Marriages and death.† Margret’s Story P. 29 She also believes that writers have a way of staying alive even when death comes for them â€Å"Yet for some there is an exception for this annihilation. For in the books they write they continue to exist.† P. 29 Death builds on the story, like a puzzle. Each death is like a puzzle piece that helps put the full story together. The beginning of the puzzle of Ms. Winters starts with George. George took care of Isabelle and catered to all her needs, never denying her of anything, making her grow into an unstable person as she became older. After attacking Isabelle after she threatened to be with Roland, taking her away f rom him, he died from septicemia, an infection. The next death would be Isabelle’s years later after being in a mental facility and getting the Flu. Next would be Charlie, afterShow MoreRelatedImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagesprovides a perceived reality. It tells you which way is up, if you like. The model, then, determines what the universe is. As Wittgenstein said, â€Å"You see what you want to see.† Let me give you a good example of that axiom from history. Back in the twelfth century, when we were looking up at a Sun going round the Earth because Aristotle and the Church said that’s the way it was, we were also looking up at what we thought was a perfect and unchanging universe, since if it had been created on day oneRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesprovides a perceived reality. It tells you which way is up, if you like. The model, then, determines what the universe is. As Wittgenstein said, †Å"You see what you want to see.† Let me give you a good example of that axiom from history. Back in the twelfth century, when we were looking up at a Sun going round the Earth because Aristotle and the Church said that’s the way it was, we were also looking up at what we thought was a perfect and unchanging universe, since if it had been created on day oneRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesin-depth technical guides but serve as a distraction, hopping from link to link †¢ Distractions due to sheer variety of content and multimedia can be both especially tempting and exceptionally deadly †¢ Clear psychological difference to reading a novel manuscript off a laptop screen and actually cradling the hardcopy edition in one’s hand (simple sentimentalities?) 1b. New: narcissistic Intro: †¢ Gone were the days when the chance of seeing one’s name in a printed publication was at the merciesRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 Pagesof the Sad Cafà © and Other Stories by Carson McCullers Back Cover: When she was only twenty-three her first novel, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter, created a literary sensation. She is very special, one of America s superlative writers who conjures up a vision of existence as terrible as it is real, who takes us on shattering voyages into the depths of the spiritual isolation that underlies the human condition. A grotesque human triangle in a primitive Southern town. . . A young boy learningRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthe recent past, management accounting has not only seen changes within existing domains of the Weld but has also witnessed extensions outside its established realms of activity. Wider systemic transformations including changes in political regimes, novel conceptions of management controls, the impact of globalizing forces on commercial aVairs, shifts in notions of eVective knowledge management, governance, and ethics, and technological advances, including the rise of broadband, have all impacted management

Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Essays

The term Weapons of Mass Destruction has two indications. In its broader, literal sense, it is used to refer to weapons whose destructive power far surpasses that of guns or conventional explosives. However, the term is more often used in a narrower sense, to refer specifically to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. We will write a custom essay sample on Weapons of Mass Destruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, which raised awareness of America’s vulnerability, the United States has greatly intensified its efforts to stop the spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. When the president and other officials refer to â€Å"weapons of mass destruction,† they usually mean NBC weaponry. An organism or toxin found in nature is used in them that is meant to kill or incapacitate an enemy. Though there are different types and they are made up of different ingredients, they are all meant to kill and do significant destruction. The United States Military refers to them as â€Å"weapons that are capable of high order destruction and being used to destroy large numbers of people. † Many countries posses weapons of mass destruction for one main cause. Because they â€Å"generate a culture of fear†, they are held in reserve by countries as a scare tactic. They are set aside to be used as a threat, if another country were to use them, they would in turn be bombed with weapons of mass destruction. During the Cold War, the term â€Å"weapons of mass destruction† was primarily a reference to nuclear weapons. At the time, in the West the euphemism â€Å"strategic weapons† was used to refer to the American nuclear arsenal, which was presented as a necessary deterrent against nuclear or conventional attack from the Soviet Union. The term â€Å"weapons of mass destruction† continued to see periodic use throughout this time, usually in the context of nuclear arms control; Ronald Reagan used it during the 1986 Reykjavik Summit, when referring to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Reagan’s successor, George H. W. Bush, used the term in an 1989 speech to the United Nations, using it primarily in reference to chemical arms. The end of the Cold War reduced U. S. reliance on nuclear weapons as a deterrent, causing it to shift its focus to disarmament. This period coincided with an increasing threat to U. S. nterests from Islamic nations and independent Islamic groups. With the 1990 invasion of Kuwait and 1991 Gulf War, Iraq’s nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons programs became a particular concern of the first Bush Administration. Following the war, Bill Clinton and other western politicians and media continued to use the term, usually in reference to ongoing attempts to dismantle Iraq’s weapons programs. After the September 11, 2001 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks, an increased fear of non-conventional weapons and asymmetrical warfare took hold of the United States and other Western powers. This fear reached a crescendo with the 2002 Iraq disarmament crisis and the alleged existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq that became the primary justification for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. However, no WMD were found in Iraq. Due to the indiscriminate impact of WMDs, the fear of a WMD attack has shaped political policies and campaigns, fostered social movements, and has been the central theme of many films. Support for different levels of WMD development and control varies nationally and internationally. Yet understanding of the nature of the threats is not high, in part because of imprecise usage of the term by politicians and the media. Fear of WMD, or of threats diminished by the possession of WMD, has long been used to catalyze public support for various WMD policies. They include mobilization of pro- and anti-WMD campaigners alike, and generation of popular political support. The term WMD may be used as a powerful buzzword, or to generate a culture of fear. It is also used ambiguously, particularly by not distinguishing among the different types of WMD. A television commercial called Daisy, promoting Democrat Lyndon Johnson’s 1964 presidential candidacy, invoked the fear of a nuclear war and was an element in Johnson’s subsequent election. More recently, the threat of potential WMD in Iraq was used by President George W. Bush to generate public support for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Broad reference to Iraqi WMD in general was seen as an element of President Bush’s arguments. As Paul Wolfowitz explained: â€Å"For bureaucratic reasons, we settled on one issue, weapons of mass destruction, because it was the one reason everyone could agree on. To date, however, Coalition forces have found mainly degraded artillery shells. There was almost no dissent on the issue. Molly Ivins wrote : â€Å"the ONLY source to report skeptically on the administration’s claims about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction before the war? Knight-Ridder and its terrific reporters Warren Strobel and Jonathan Landay. â€Å". On June 21, 2006, United States Senator Rick Santorum claimed that â€Å"We have found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, chemical weapons. According to the Washington Post, he was referring to 500 such shells â€Å"that had been buried near the Iranian border, and then long forgotten, by Iraqi troops during their eight-year war with Iran, which ended in 1988. † That night, â€Å"intelligence officials reaffirmed that the shells were old and were not the suspected weapons of mass destruction sought in Iraq after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. † The shells had been uncovered and reported on in 2004. In 2004 Polish troops found nineteen 1980s-era rocket warheads, thwarting an attempt by militants to buy them at $5000 each. Some of the rockets contained extremely deteriorated nerve agent. Limits on WMD by the US scare allied countries. The US nuclear umbrella is the primary contributor to the security of Europe and for Asia. Lack of confidence in the US umbrella causes European nations to either build up their current arsenals, or embark on entirely new nuclear weapons programs. Nuclear proliferation in Europe causes massive instability there because of the threat it poses to Russia. Asian proliferation threatens conflicts with China. The odds that an asteroid that could potentially wipe out all life on earth are high. A massive asteroid may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. The only defense earth has against these asteroids is nuclear weapons. Were we to disarm completely, we would be unable to shoot down an incoming asteroid, condemning all life to extinction. The military-industrial complex is a powerful constituency in the US. Limits on one type of WMD scare the military-industrial complex. They will feel frightened that the US will be unable to defend itself without its current array of weaponry. To compensate, they will develop new forms of WMDs that are even more destructive, like nanotechnology. Any arms control initiative requires a substantial outlay of money to implement. Decommissioning weapons systems takes funds. Verifiable agreements demand substantial investment in inspections and monitoring. The US cannot afford to spend more money, given the precarious situation its budget is in. Busting the budget could have a terrible effect on the economy, perhaps triggering an economic collapse How to cite Weapons of Mass Destruction, Papers

The Way We Speak Determines How We Think free essay sample

Critically evaluate this statement, drawing on the key theories and research that describe the relationship between language and thought. Language has traditionally been characterized by Philosophers as a cognitive tool used to freely externalize ones thoughts (Green, 2010 as cited in Kaye, 2010). The relationship between language, thought, culture and reality has occupied the minds of many for centuries. Early theorists argued that language and thought were two separate systems which â€Å"enter into an array of interconnected cognitive structures† (Chomsky, 1983). Extreme nativists and constructivists are key proponents of innateness and argued that knowledge and thought hold a significant innate property which exists prior to the development of language acquisition and is dependent on thought for its development. (Fodor, 1975 cited in Green, 2010) In recent years, contrasting with this position, researchers have provided empirical evidence to support a causal relationship between both language and thought which indicates how we speak does shape how we think but also how we think can influence how we speak. We will write a custom essay sample on The Way We Speak Determines How We Think or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Boroditsky, 2010) The emergence of this new evidence elaborates on earlier ideas associated with the Whorfian hypothesis (Whorf, 1956 cited in Green, 2010) and focuses on an alternative approach, linguistic determinism. This essay will explore the different theoretical approaches and provide evidence which demonstrates how no one theory has provided conclusive empirical evidence that supports how we speak determines how we think. Preliminary studies on language and thought have resulted in contributory and conflicting information which looks at the definitions and functions of language and thought, the interactions between both and the origins. Language and thought have been considered to be some of the key components which define human nature and what it means to be human. Aitchison (2007) highlighted some of the key features which define our uniqueness as humans but also certain characteristics we share with our animal relatives. Semanticity is one feature which separates us from other species. Humans use words to communicate and to represent objects and actions. In contrast animals use sounds to communicate information about a situation. For example blackbirds give a recognizable call for danger but it does not inform others of the type of danger present. Another feature which separates us from animals is creativity. Humans have the ability to understand and produce an infinite number of novel grammatical expressions with little evidence to demonstrate this skill in animals. These differences between species demonstrate the difference between language and communication and have led to other questions about how and why language acquisition was developed (Aitchison, 2007, cited in Green, 2010). Furthermore like any other psychological dichotomy, psychologists and philosophers have questioned whether language shapes our thoughts and ideas or whether our thoughts are merely represented through what we say. One approach which argues against the notion of language influencing thought is the constructivist position. According to this approach, language is seen as an emergent property that unfolds as a result of cognitive development therefore suggesting that language may not determine how we think (Piaget, 1923, cited in Green, 2010). Evidence from Piaget’s (1923) epistemological studies demonstrates how thinking and other cognitive abilities such as symbolic play, mental imagery all exist in children before language development. However one major criticism of this theory suggests that if this idea is to be true, then children with visual or auditory impairment are likely to be handicapped in language due to insufficient sensory input. However research has indicated no difference between the rate and time which impaired children obtain their earliest words compared with seeing children. Bigelow, 1987; Nelson, 1973) Although this evidence rejects Piaget’s (1923) theory, considerations need to be applied for parents of visually impaired children compensating for the impairment. Further issues with Piaget’s (1923) theory suggests that if certain levels of cognitive development are required to assist language ability, then his notion of object permanence should precede the acquisition of concepts and objects Xu (2002) research found opposite results to Piaget’s (1923) ideas which demonstrate how a child as early as 9 months old was capable of distinguishing between two objects. Because of this conflicting information, it is difficult to assign a causal relationship between language and thought within this framework (Xu, 2002, cited in Green, 2010). In addition, the extreme nativist approach led by Fodor (1983), postulates that all concepts are innate and we possess language syntax of thought. His key ideas are centered on the content of concepts and the structure of propositions. Fodor (1983) proposed that some cognitive systems (language) are modular and interface with non-modular central systems such as memory and thinking. One of the main aspects of interest in Fodor’s (1983) framework is the acquisition of concepts. Unlike empiricists who argue that children proceed through a process of inductive generalization to understand a new concept, Fodor (1983) suggests that this is not the case and that concepts are innately pre-programmed and not learnt (Russell, 2004 cited in Green, 2010) He describes vocabulary acquisition as attaching names to pre-existing categories and concepts which are broken down into components until the end point is reached. He also explains how new or complex concepts are developed (. i. e. ipad) by decomposition into their basic elemental components. From this, it would suggest that language develops from already pre-existing concepts or thoughts which would show the directional flow of influence to come from thought rather than speech. Chomsky (2006) is also a staunch proponent for the nativist approach and offers complimentary ideas to Fodor’s (1983) theory on innateness. He argued that the syntax of language is innate and that a universal grammar underpins language. The theory suggested that linguistic ability manifests itself without being taught, and that there are properties that all natural  human languages share (Chomsky, 2006). Exploration of this hypothesis focused on word order, structure and parameters. Universally the random order of words differs amongst cultures. For example in English we use subject-verb-object language compared with those in Japanese who use Subject-Object-Verb. Chomsky (2006) argued that although the mental grammar differs from language to language, the process by which certain sentences are perceived as correct while others are not is universal and independent of meaning. He also argued that language acquisition is obtained through an innate language acquisition device. His theory later evolved into principles and parameters theory and looked at the abstract rules applied when learning a language. One of the key tenets of Chomsky’s (2006) theory is that language is independent of cognition and does not influence how we think. Criticisms of his theory are highlighted as complete disregard for meaning and the social aspects or environment at which a child first acquires its words. Other critiques look at evidence produced by children with a hearing impairment. Questions surround what kind of parameters they would apply when using sign language. If Chomsky’s (2006) theory is to be correct then, it does not explain how children who learn two languages at once can apply parameter settings (Messer, 2000 cited in Green, 2010). Contrasting with the nativist approach, linguistic determinism argued in support for the notion that language influences or even determines how we speak. These ideas were first presented in the early 1930’s by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, who studied how languages vary and proposed ways that speakers of different tongues may think differently. Due to lack of empirical evidence at the time, their ideas of determinism (Whorfian hypothesis) were rejected but later reinstated with a weaker, less controversial notion of linguistic relativism, suggesting how language influences thought rather than determines it. Green, 2010) Firstly many of the early studies supporting Whorf’s hypothesis derived from studies of colour perception and naming. Brown and Lenneberg, (1954) found cross-cultural differences in the speed of colour naming and recognition, related to colour terms in different languages, though the study found correlations rather than a causal relationship. Additionally later research by Roberson et al, (2000) in the Berinmo people of Papua New Guinea showed findings which do support the Whorfian hypothesis and showed evidence for an effect of language on colour perception (Green, 2010, p. 66-372). Secondly more recent experiments carried out by Boroditsky, Winawer, Withoff, Frank and Wu (2007) investigated whether linguistic differences led to differences in colour discrimination between Russian and English speakers. Unlike English speakers, Russian speakers divide the colour terms on the spectrum differently. For example Russian speakers make a distinct differentiation between lighter blues and darker blues whereas English speakers would categories all colours of blue under on label. The experiment measured colour discrimination performance using a basic perceptual task. The results showed that Russian speakers were faster to discriminate two colours if they were part of the different linguistic categories in Russian than if the two colours were from the same category. Further effects of language were seen with English speakers who did not show any category advantage under any condition hence demonstrating how categories in language can affect performance of colour discrimination or how we speak can influence how we think. Thirdly research has also investigated spatial cognition and non-linguistic tasks and has shown how different cultures spatialize time depending on the available spatial representations (Green, 2010, p. 368). For example Dutch speakers use right and left in relation to object-centered frames of reference compared with the Mayan people of South America who use the compass points (North,South,East,West) for both geographic and object-centered frames of reference. Brown and Levinson (1993) conducted a study to investigate if these different frames of reference influenced the encoding of spatial relationships. The results showed that Dutch and Tzeltal (Mayan) speakers showed differences in reconstruction of a spatial array of objects, depending on encoding in their language which provides support for the Whorfian hypothesis and also shows how we speak can influence how we think. One critique of this experiment is the location of the task was not considered. Li and Gleitman (2002) argued that changing the environment in which spatial tasks occur can change the frame of reference used. The results from their study did demonstrate that within a different environment, participants chose to use a relative frame of reference hence highlighting the importance or significance of environmental factors in determining the frame used. Finally Boroditsky, (2001) also looked at the concept of time and whether aspects of language and culture influence how we think about this domain. Her study investigated how Mandarin and English speakers represent time and whether temporal metaphors differ between the two groups. English and Mandarin speakers both use horizontal (front/back) spatial terms to talk about time but differ in the use of vertical (up/down) spatial terms which are used by Mandarin speakers but not English speakers. Participants from both groups were asked to verify statements in English about temporal relationships from a scene containing objects that were arranged either along the vertical or horizontal dimension. The results showed that both groups organize time from left to right which is consistent with their writing direction but also that Mandarin speaker’s show evidence of vertical representation of time with earlier events represented further up after vertical priming and no evidence for this in English speakers. The results of this study provide evidence for cross-cultural differences in temporal reasoning and also support for language influencing thought. However compelling this evidence is, these findings have not been replicated in later studies. To conclude, it is clear that the above recent evidence provides support that demonstrates a transactional or causal relationship between both thought and language however due to the lack of successful replication of these results and the requirement for further investigation, once cannot conclude the notion of linguistic determinism. The way we speak does not determine how we think, but is more influential in shaping some aspects and in both directions. One must also consider that certain aspects of this cognitive process are indeed innate, that we are designed with a pre-disposition to develop language as a means of communication. It is also possible that both innateness and linguistic determinism explain different components of the same process, depending on the situation and context we find ourselves in. As the field of cognitive psychology progresses and further evidence is provided we may be able to settle on one explanation or another.