Factors affecting cooling rate Essay Example

Factors affecting cooling rate Paper Heat energy is conducted from the hot end to the cold end. It is transferred from atom to atom. At the hot end the atoms are vibrating a lot. The vibration is gradually passed along to the other atoms as they collide into each other. This happens in all substances, but in a metal something extra happens. A metal has many free-moving electrons. These free-electrons can travel through the metal, transferring the energy more quickly. Convection: The transfer of energy, by the movements of particles only in liquids and gases Radiation: We will write a custom essay sample on Factors affecting cooling rate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Factors affecting cooling rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Factors affecting cooling rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Energy from the Sun reaches us after travelling through space at the speed of light. When this hits an object, some of it is taken in or absorbed. This makes the molecules vibrate more and so the object hotter. Objects take in and take and give out energy as radiation all the time. Different objects give out different amounts of radiation depending on their temperature and their surface. Isaac Newton stated that the rate at which a warm object cools is approximately proportional to the temperature difference between the temperature of the warm object and the temperature of its surroundings. This is a typical cooling rate graph. Factors that affect the cooling rate of a liquid: Different sized beakers. Beakers made from different materials and colours. Conduction. Radiation. Evaporation. Infrared Waves. 1.) Different sized beakers. Convection can only take place in gases and liquids. Convection cannot take place in a solid because particles have restrictive movement. In a large beaker, there is a larger area for the liquid to transfer heat to whereas in a small beaker, there is a smaller area for the liquid to transfer heat to so less heat will be transferred. 2.) Beakers made from different materials and colours. 3.) Conduction of Heat. Conduction of heat is the process where vibrating particles pass on their extra kinetic energy to neighbouring particles. 4.) Radiation. 5.) Evaporation. When a liquid below its boiling point changes into a gas, this is called evaporation. It happens because some particles in the liquid move faster than others. The faster ones near the surface have enough energy to escape to form a gas. 6.) Infrared. Energy to heat us up travels from the Sun at the speed of light, jut like the light rays. The rays which cause the most heating are called infrared waves. All objects emit some infrared because of the motion of their atoms or molecules. Most radiate a wide range of wavelengths. As an object heats up, it radiates more and more infrared and shorter wavelengths. Aim: To investigate how the surface area of a beaker affects the cooling rate of a liquid. Prediction: I predict that the bigger the beaker, the less time it will take for the liquid to cool down. This is because gases and liquids are more liable to move around which allows them to transfer heat easily by convection. Convection cannot take place in solids because the particles have restrictive movement. In a bigger beaker, the particles have a larger area to transfer heat to whereas in a smaller beaker water particles have less area to move around in so less heat would be transferred. We know that if anything hot is poured it will eventually cool down. This process is rapid at first, then after a long period of time, the temperature of the liquid reaches room temperature. These temperature variations for cooling objects were summarised by Isaac Newton. He stated that the rate at which a warm object cools is approximately proportional to the temperature difference between the temperature of the warm object and the temperature of its surroundings. Fair Test: Start temperature: Ensure that the initial temperature reading of the water is always 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C for all experiments. This is to make sure that there is no temperature variation in the start temperature. It will be taken into account that there will be a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5% accuracy level of this reading. Time: Ensure that the temperature readings are recorded as accurately as possible to sixty seconds for each experiment using a digital stopwatch. Radiation: Heat Radiation travels through transparent material such as glass. Therefore wrap a layer of aluminium foil around the beaker. Convection: Convection occurs when particles move from the hotter region to the cooler region. To ensure that no heat is lost due to this place an insulating material (wool) around the beaker. Evaporation: When a liquid evaporates, faster particles escape from its surface to form a gas. However, unless the gas is removed, some of the particles will return to the liquid. Place an insulating material (wood) that fits into the top part of the beaker to reduce evaporation. Room Temperature: While I carry out the experiment I will make sure that the room temperature is always the same using a thermometer with a 0.5% accuracy level.

The eNotes Blog Book Spine Poetry, Vol. 1 The Trouble withPoetry

Book Spine Poetry, Vol. 1 The Trouble withPoetry Inspired by Brain Pickings book spine poetrya recent tribute to National Poetry MonthI decided to draw from my own bookshelf and try my hand at the form: The trouble with poetry:The innocent wit,The edge of reason,The fact of a doorframe. The Trouble with Poetry: and other poems by Billy Collins The Innocent: A Novel by Ian McEwan Wit: A Play  by Margaret Edson Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason  by Helen Fielding The Fact of a Doorframe: Poems 1950-2001 by Adrienne Rich For even more interesting results, disorganize your local library a la Nina Katchadourians  Sorted Books  project. The project follows the same process, but takes place in a different library for every entry. Katchadourian sums up its aims: The project has taken place in many different places over the years, ranging form private homes to specialized public book collections  Taken as a whole, the clusters from each sorting aim to examine that particular librarys focus, idiosyncrasies, and inconsistencies - a cross-section of that librarys holdings. Look out for more volumes soon. In the meantime, feel free to post links to your own forays into book spine poetry below.

Should Abortions be Illegal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Should Abortions be Illegal - Essay Example As such, abortion should be illegal given that it does not provide a long term solution to the recurrent problem of unwanted pregnancies especially among the teenagers. Abortion should not be treated as an option but concerted efforts should be made to address the root cause of this problem in every society. Against this background, this argumentative essay is going to argue in favour of the topic which suggests that abortion should be illegal. However, the second part will look at the topic from the other angle where some advocates argue that abortion should be legalised. A synthesis will be drawn at the end of the paper to summarise the main points discussed and defend the argument in favour of the topic. Tribe (1992, p. 3) posits to the effect that â€Å"no right is more basic than the right to live and the untimely death of a young child is among life’s most awful tragedies.† To cause such a death to an innocent soul is a great wrong which deserves to be treated wit h the contempt. The right to life is an inalienable right that is conferred to every person upon birth. However, in some instances, unborn babies are denied this right before even seeing the earth as a result of aborted pregnancies. Basically, abortion can be described as the process of terminating or ending unwanted pregnancies (Wharton, 1989). ... cle/12504-teen-pregnancy-rates-usa/>, The Center for Disease control says â€Å"that the United States has the highest teen pregnancy rate in the industrialized world whereby one-third of girls get pregnant before the age of 20.† It also states that Teenpregnancy.org, a site which is managed by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy has revealed that about 750  000 teen pregnancies are reported annually where eight out of ten of these are not planned. The trend is similar in many countries and abortion should not be treated as a viable option given that teenagers for instance indulge in sexual activities without properly weighing the consequences hence they should not have any legal right to terminate life unless otherwise it is beyond their control. There are many reasons why unplanned pregnancies occur and carelessness is one of them (Gutman, 1987). Some teenagers have misguided perceptions that they want to believe that having sex at an early age ca n prove their manhood or woman hood which is not correct. As a result, unplanned pregnancies are reported and this cannot be the problem of the unborn fetus in the womb given that it is life already developing which must not be ended unceremoniously. It is the responsibility of the mother in particular to ensure that they take preventive measures against unwanted pregnancies. For instance, the use of contraceptives such as pill as well as condoms is another viable way of preventing unwanted pregnancies. Instead of preferring abortion as the last resort, both men and women need to take responsibility for contraception since this is the best alternative to abortion. Abortion is therefore considered as murder hence cannot be condoned. No society likes abortion and the main task is to enable the women to

Seminar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar - Essay Example The project is an ideal catalyst for both my artistic and professional growth. The project will provide me with an opportunity to interact with customers and will therefore require me to act ethically and professionally. From such reactions, I will improve my professional expertise in the practice. Additionally, the cloud installations are artistic. Every real-life installation I make will improve my artistry. The practice is pivotal in my practice since it will provide me with an opportunity to start my career and position it strategically for growth. The success of the business amounts to my success. Creative capital offers artists a number of both monetary and non-monetary services and resources that can help in a number of ways. The professional development workshops for example can help enhance my development in the practice. Through the workshops, I will acquire appropriate professional skills that will enhance the development of the business. Additionally, Creative Capital offers both funding and counsel to great projects and business ideas. Both would help me overcome a number of operational challenges thereby ensuring that the business idea enjoys immense success for

Tension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tension - Essay Example Stressors are the external stimuli that evoke physiological or behavioral change in people.† (Everly and Smith, 80) Coping with anxiety and tension was one of the most essential challenges I faced in my young life and, I swear, it was a meticulous task altogether to control tension and stress in my life. Being a very sensitive gentleman with great potential for personal achievements, I realized the need for making intensive efforts to deal with the issues concerning tension when it began to delay several personal glories. Therefore, I began to learn more about tension, stress and anxiety and the reasons for human tensions. I also made it a point that I practice some of the tension management methods which could be useful in dealing with the issue of tension and stress in personal life, and the ultimate result of all these efforts has been convincing to me as I noticed enormous changes in my attitudes as well as actions. Therefore, I hold the view that tension and stress managem ent is most valuable to human beings who are prone to suffer from the consequences of tension in life. As mentioned before, my first reaction to an understanding of the threats of tension in my life was to recognize or learn the factors which contribute to tension in human life, followed by an intense and determined decision to adopt measures to fight tension in my life. As I started analyzing the theories and literature on tension and stress, I came to realize that negative thoughts as well as undesirable feelings contribute greatly toward the mood of tense-tiredness. It was obvious to me that reducing tension in life was the essential answer to the problems I encountered in my personal achievements and it can also help one in getting away from the negative state of tense-tiredness. From the various case analyses available in the literature on

Funding For Space Exploration Philosophy Essay

Funding For Space Exploration Philosophy Essay July 20, 1969, Commander Neil Armstrong takes the first steps on the moon. All it took was 170 billion dollars in todays money to put a man on the moon. Mankind does not need to explore further than the moon. Neil Armstrong once said This is one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Forget giant leaps for mankind, NASA is a giant machine for spending money. This fact is backed up by the humiliating failure of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory, a $278 million package which blasted off from Vandenberg air force (DeGroot 2). Considering the debt that America struggles with in right now, NASA and space exploration is not the main priority. The United States government uses an excess of funds to explore outer space in an attempt to find other forms of intelligent life, they use too much tax money that can be put to better use, and many of the astronauts are at risk due to human spaceflight. A large portion of tax-payer money goes to NASA so that they can attempt to explore the unknown of space. Much of the money that NASA wastes on space exploration could be put to a much better and productive use. The United States government needs to focus on recovering their own planet before they discover others. Money that goes to NASA causes the national debt to increase. Instead, that money should go towards paying off the debt, or even fixing problems with unemployment. Back in the 1960s, when planning to put the first man on the moon, 58% of Americans opposed spending the estimated $40 billion or an average of about $225 per person required to send a person to the moon. Only a third supported the plan (Nasa Funding n.pag.). Many of the United States citizens opposed the plan because they knew that it should not be our main priority and it is a very large amount of money. The citizens were knowledgeable of how all of that money could benefit the country. In 2004, President Bus h presented Congress with a $2.4 trillion budget blueprint for the 2005 fiscal year (Nasa Funding n.pag.). The budget for the 2005 year is an extreme amount and there is to explore the depth of space when humans barely know their own planet. A vast amount of the Earth remains undiscovered which gives no reason to worry about space. Given the knowledge that humans have, there could exist absolutely nothing in space besides rocks and meteors. Earth is possible the only planet that sustains intelligent life. Scientists have searched the vast emptiness of space since the first moon landing in the 1960s. Although, in 40 years of searching, we have detected no such signal. In 1967, we thought we had one, but that turned out to be the entirely natural signal of a pulsar (Murray 2). Assume that NASAs scientists continue searching and finally reach their goal of discovering intelligent life 200 years into the future. More than $8 trillion will have gone toward that goal judging by the drasti c increases of NASAs annual budget from the years 2003 to 2009 (Returning to the moon n.pag.). However, intelligent life may not even exist on other planets, so all the hard work and money will go to waste if NASA does not find any aliens. In December of 1993, NASA embarrassingly sent astronauts into orbit to repair the Hubble, which cost taxpayers and extra $629 million. Due to this incident, NASA was put to blame for their incompetence and using billions in federal funds without accountability (Nasa Funding n.pag.). NASA has the ability to just soak up federal funds and tax money to fix their mindless mistakes. The plans of the space program to send men into space may endanger their well-being. Earth is a perfect habitat for mankind, which gives humans no reason to leave. Margaret Haerens writes, Animals never leave a comfortable habitat for a harsh one, unless they are forced to (Haerens 2). Haerens compares the astronauts to animals and how the astronauts should not leave Earth when they are perfectly find where they are. Space can kill humans very rapidly without a spacesuit. Astronauts willingly put themselves into space where they know if anything goes wrong they will die instantly. Haerens also writes that, Our vertebrate ancestors did not come ashore hundreds of millions of years ago because they decided to boldly go where no fish had gone before (Haerens 2). The author says that the race to the moon and outer space is foolish and just because an area has never been explored does not mean that someone should explore the area, which relates back to how in nature, animals never leave a favorable environment for a poor one. The fact that the presence in space negatively affects the human body reinforces why humans should not leave Earth. Scientists have discovered that prolonged weightlessness does terrible things to the bones and circulatory system. If God wanted us to live in outer space, we wouldnt have balancing systems in our inner ears (Haerens 2). Humans have evolved and adapted to live on Earth, if humans were meant to live in space, they would have adapted to suit the harsh conditions of space. Iain Murray writes that alien life is completely unknown to the human race and humans have no idea what aliens are capable of. Aliens could have the potential to completely wipe humans off the face of the earth (Murray 1). If aliens actually exist, no one knows what they have the ability to do. They could be very powerful and dominate humans and imperialize the planet, Earth. Although, aliens may be able to assist humans with space travel if we ever encounter them. However, there are many reasons that support space exploration, such as the risk of mass extinction that happens on Earth forcing humans to migrate to other planets. In the case of a mass extinction, humans must find a plan B in order to survive. Haerens talks about the possibility that the human race has to move from Earth to avoid a mass extinction. Possibly, in 500 million years, the sun may slowly boil the oceans and incinerate the Earth. Natural disasters are not the only possibility for a mass extinction, other epidemics such as climate change and overpopulation can also cause mass extinctions. Haerens also writes that the chances of an epidemic of such colossal size that it can cause a mass extinction are pretty low. However, an asteroid of sufficient size could cause the extinction of humans as it did the dinosaurs (Haerens 3). Earth may soon become over populated with humans; therefore, the human race must find other planets to make sure that mankind will live on. Jerry DeGr oot notes that Stephen Hawking has argued about how the human race must colonize other planets to ensure mankinds long-term survival. The Earth is indeed doomed, but where will all the civilians go? When comparing Mars to Antarctica, Antarctica seems like a paradise (DeGroot 2). It seems logical to desire to colonize other planets since if the human race becomes extinct, all of mans achievements and accomplishments over time would be gone. Space travel has a high chance of happening, humans will eventually learn to harness the energy of space as the cavemen learned how to harness the energy of fire. Enthusiastic supporters of the space exploration argue that exploring outer space is the next step in human evolution. Scientists believe that the colonization of other planets, beginning with the moon, should become a long-term human goal. Scientist also argue that colonizing the moon helps humans learn how to live on Mars by learning how to live with conditions of the moon first (Retur ning to the Moon n.pag.). One day a devastating event will happen to the Earth and change the course of life and only space colonization can save it. Although space exploration can greatly benefit the progression of mankind, it depletes a large part Americas resources and funds. Instead of humans trying to find intelligent life, they should leave them to find us. The billions of dollars that are used each year to fund space exploration could greatly improve everyday life on planet Earth. The American government funds NASA with a plethora of money in order for them to discover the unknown of the universe and much of the funds comes from tax-payers. Also, the astronauts are exposed to the outside threats of space which put them in dangerous situations. Perhaps, one day, once Earth has achieved a utopic state, humans can fund a space program that will discover extraterrestrial beings.

Wherefore The Maintenance Of Liberty :: essays research papers fc

The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure. -Thomas Jefferson On a cold, miserable day in the North Caucasus, the only one who does not look dismal is Russian General Mikhail Malofeyev. He is dead. His body is flag draped and on open display before a dark stand of pines. He is encircled by his mourning officers clad in hulking, camouflage coats. "Russia Admits Chechnya Losses Growing," says the news headline. Military body counts since the counting of them began bear little relationship between actual and reported casualties. Russians officially admit to 910 dead since the war restarted in October of 1999. The Russian Committee of Soldiers' Mothers, who gets its accounting from soldiers, their families, and military hospitals, thinks that 3,000 is a far more likely figure. Interestingly, NTV, which is a local Russian private investigating network and which reports on military news contradictions, has been kicked out of the military press reporting pool. This Chechan conflict is just another example of an ill equipped militia fighting one of the most powerful militaries in the world to a standstill. This is as it was with the Afghans who were even so primitive that they had to forge rifle barrels in their own backyard furnaces. The Afghani ultimately kicked the Soviet invaders out of their homeland. This was just like the Warsaw ghetto Jews, who kept the murderous Nazi's at bay for almost a month with only a handful of small arms before the Jew's valiant final defeat. History repeats with the citizen patriots of Lexington and Concord, who demonstrated with their blood the power and the purpose behind the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the then new United States of America. The Second Amendment confidently guarantees that We the People will ever remain free. Pro Second Amendment people always talk a good game. But what would happen should Americans ever needed to put this right to arms to the test. There are over 20,000 gun laws on the books. These "laws" include outright bans, registration, confiscation, waiting periods, quotas, and any other abhorrent violation that the ruling class imposes just to probe if Americans can be intimidated into servitude. For note, that test of submission happened a while back while the citizens slept. The citizens have already been graded, and by the criteria of their forefathers, they have failed miserably.

Margaret Atwood; Cat’s Eye Analysis- Refraction and Self Essay

â€Å"Our commonsense explanations of the world and ourselves are problematised by Atwood through her novel. Nothing is quite as it seems, when we look at anything (in a mirror, in the past, at others) it is refracted as if through water.† Discuss the ideas and issues in the novel in relation to this statement, paying particular attention to the techniques and narrative elements used to show this. Our commonsense explanations of the world are based on the absolutes in our lives. Ways of seeing have been socially constructed embedded with values and attitudes that influence our behaviour and view of the world and ourselves. Reality cannot be captured and is interpreted differently by every individual as if refracted through water. Cat’s Eye is a work of influential English by author Margaret Atwood. The novel’s central area of exploration is of different versions of reality, and the accuracy and truthfulness of our own visions of how we see the world and ourselves. These visions are problematised by Atwood, as she uses various techniques that allow her to discretely proffer her idea of ‘nothing is quite as it seems’ to position the audience. This results in our own endorsement of these beliefs, and leads us to question our own lives as just a version of reality, with a sense of disillusionment. Our world and our own lives are challenged by Atwood’s novel, as in questioning the idea of no absolutes and constants in our lives, we also begin to question the other constants in our society such as religion being just another version of reality and not an absolute. This distresses many people and problematises our lives. Measurable, knowable, constant, and absolute qualities of life provide security in our beliefs and understanding of the world and our place within it. Absolutes help us make sense of the world, and provide a connection to the world and our own inner selves generating a sense of belonging. Atwood challenges the concept of absolutes, fixed/knowable identities, and common truths through various techniques. She uses narrative elements to proffer her ideas, such as autobiographical writing to encourage us to question the one and only version of reality that is being told (through Elaine and her life). Imagery/symbolism and intertextuality are recurring techniques, for example her repetitive use reflective surfaces such a glass, water and mirrors are all symbols used to question reflection, and how we see  ourselves; is what we see what we get? These techniques are used in order to provoke self-doubt and insecurity, to unsettle and complicate the way we see ourselves and our world, through the provocative questions that it asks of us. Cat’s eye challenges the naturalized and socially constructed views and encourages the reader to question the dominant views of the world and themselves. Refraction is the distortment of light, as it travels, it’s broken-up as it changes and moves through different mediums. Atwood uses refraction as a symbol representing the key belief that our vision of life and ourselves is refracted, broken up, distorted, and that as a result our perceptions aren’t always accurate. Atwood uses Elaine’s second encounter at the bridge to imply that our views, especially on other people are refracted, and not necessarily as they seem to be. Cordelia is seen to effect Elaine the most significantly, and it is not until the end of the book, when Elaine is finally coming back to herself (the bridge) that Elaine realises that Cordelia was not what she seemed to be. â€Å"There is the same shame, the sick feeling in my body, the same knowledge of my own wrongness, awkwardness, weakness; the same wish to be loved; the same loneliness; the same fear. But these are not my own emotions anymore. They are Cordelia’s; as they always were.†It is only at the end of Elaine’s life when she realizes that her emotions that traumatized her childhood (and adult life) were in fact Cordelia’s, who in order to escape them and cope transferred them to Elaine. Elaine feels stronger with this knowledge and finally releases Cordelia, as the Virgin Mary once released her â€Å"Its ok, you can go home now.† Elaine’s mourning is over and she is free of Cordelia, she can see clearly now- â€Å"The snow in my eyes withdraws like smoke† and is starting to make sense of her past. Atwood also uses Elaine’s misconception of Cordelia to exemplify how our ‘refracted’ view of others substantially affects our view of ourselves and the world; our experience of the present is coloured by our past events. Elaine realises that all these years, she still did not ‘know’ Cordelia, supporting Atwood’s dispute of the notion that there can really be a ‘fixed’ and ‘knowable’ identity. Atwood employs this metaphor in order to position the reader to be receptive to the idea  that our views on others, the world, and ourselves are not absolute but equivocal. In Cat’s Eye the first person limited narration is unreliable in the sense that Elaine cannot ‘see’ enough – either because of her own maturation and desires and the forces conditioning them, or of the consequences of her choices. The novel questions whether ‘lives’, ‘stories’ or autobiographical narratives can ever be accurate. A novel that presents a straightforward linear narrative that moves through events sequentially and constructs a complete set of ideas about life that seem unproblematic. It accepts that our experience of life, our thoughts and feeling, motivations, movement through time – our very representation in a literary text, can be captured accurately. It implies order, coherence, unity and stability; a rational basis for our actions and thoughts thus presenting a conservative worldview. The structure of Cat’s Eye serves as a critique of this unproblematic view of the world. The novel constantly shifts between past and present and her narration as a young Elaine and an old Elaine. This shifting represents Elaine’s life, as she feels it is barley comprehensible. Because the story is written in first person, its only presents one version of reality- Elaine’s version. This leads us to question Elaine’s version and its accuracy. Atwood’s purpose behind this is to bring to light the complexity of character in Elaine, and highlight her struggle in coming to terms with her own identity. This challenge on the common qualities of autobiographical narratives even leads the reader to question Cat’s Eye as just another version of reality that is presented to us in life. Atwood questions the belief that the individual is knowable and that appearance corresponds with fixed reality; she critiques the notion that reality can be ‘captured’. This is shown through her questioning of autobiographical writing, and is perpetuated through the use of Elaine’s paintings at her gallery Sub-versions. Cordelia subjected Elaine to subtle, psychological bullying as a child, and destroyed her self-confidence, which lasts well into her adult life. Her art is a way of expressing these bottled-up emotions and a means of dealing with her trauma; her art presents a different version of reality of her life, one that she is unable to  confront in her everyday life. â€Å"I can no longer control these paintings, or tell them what to mean. Whatever energy they have came out of me. I’m what’s left over.†Through her art she exerts a power that she did have in her childhood, taking revenge on Mrs. Smeath and confronting other issues such as her bullying in the painting Cat’s Eye, where Elaine appropriates the idea of the pier glass reflecting figures outside the frames of the main picture. This glass hangs behind a self-portrait that shows only half of Elaine’s head and incorporates signs of aging. In her childhood the three girls watch her from behind yet the young Elaine in the picture is turned around, facing her tormentors. The painting symbolises the claiming and relinquishing of control. The child, Elaine looks back at the three girls, the adult Elaine looks back at the outside viewer. The back of the head is crucial: a mirror that shows only the ruined half of your face. Elaine’s art reflects the psychological state she is in and has faced in her childhood. This is symbolic of Elaine looking back on her life and seeing her childhood in a different light-‘Nothing is what it really seems.’ The gallery is appropriately named, contributing to Atwood’s hypothesis; Life is a series of different and conflicting versions of reality, identity and reality are not fixed and the concept of ‘exact truth’ can never be captured. Atwood’s novel Cat’s Eye shapes the reality by which we view the world and ourselves. Our lives operate around security (especially of ourselves) and we generate and understanding and connect ourselves to the world through various versions of reality that we reinforce to become believed ‘absolutes’ upon which we base our lives Without the ‘fixed reality’ we create for ourselves and the absolutes that structure our lives, our sense of purpose, and meaning diminishes. Distress is brought upon us through Cat’s Eye because Atwood critiques our quest for identity as she suggests that we will never ‘know ourselves’ and will never have a fixed identity. It is therefore the reader’s choice on weather to comprehend the notions Atwood is proffering. Atwood uses varied techniques and narrative elements such as imagery, symbolism, and the narrative point of view to allude her beliefs. Through the particular employment of these techniques Atwood strengthens her case to the reader and positions them to support her indited criticisms of a knowable identity, and a fixed reality and truth. Cats Eye challenges the  measurable, and the way we qualify things as knowable and existing and a truth. Bibliography: Atwood, Margaret, Cat’s Eye, Penguin, Montreal 1968

Ethics and Research in Professional Contexts The WritePass Journal

Ethics and Research in Professional Contexts Introduction Ethics and Research in Professional Contexts ). Therefore, in the case of Mrs K, it can be argued that as a free agent, she should have the final say in her actions and decisions that includes her pregnancy. If she chooses to end her unwanted pregnancy for her own reasons, then she has the right (and the free will) to do so. This reasoning is in fact, reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Act (1948) article 1, ‘all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights’ (Williams, 1981) that establishes human rights as inherent to every human being. However, it must be noted that this article may also be used as an argument against an abortion if a foetus is considered to be a human being, and therefore having its own individual right to life. Many anti-abortion supporters (i.e. pro-life) do indeed support this argument and highlight that an unborn child is an innocent human being and abortion is therefore wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, pro-choice supporters have retorted this position by upholding the concept of â€Å"personhood†. In other words, supporters argue that a foetus does not meet the criteria of personhood and therefore does not have a right to life. This position is echoed in philosophy by Mary Ann Warren who outlines a set of criteria for personhood that include: 1) consciousness of objects and events external and internal, 2) reasoning, 3) self-motivated activity, 4) a capacity to communicate, 5) the presence of a self-concept (Warren, 1996). By these criteria, it is clear that foetuses, although they have t he ability to eventually meet these criteria, would not have a right to life until they are born. Similarly, Peter Singer posits that only a moral agent is capable of having their rights violated, and as the foetus is not a moral agent, it cannot have its rights violated (Singer, 1995). In other words, as a foetus cannot make moral judgements of what is right or wrong, it does not have the same rights as human beings. Although both Warren and Singer propose controversial ideas, the arguments of personhood and moral agency adds further justification to Mrs K’s decision to have an abortion. Mr K In the case study, whilst Mrs K has decided to have an abortion, her husband is against it. From his perspective, he has always wanted a large family and therefore, feels very strongly against an abortion. Given his views, Mrs K’s decision to have an abortion could lead to considerable anger and resentment in her husband which could manifest in marital discord and eventually divorce, all of which would be extremely harmful for their children. Returning to the hedonic calculus, it is therefore important to take into account these potential consequences as they may outweigh the reasons for having an abortion in terms of the happiness of Mrs K and her children. However, at the same time, if Mrs K chose not to have an abortion because of her husband’s views, this could lead to considerable anger and resentment in her and increase her depression and anxiety, which could all negatively impact her children’s welfare. The decision is therefore not clear-cut.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A second reason that Mr K does not agree with the abortion is because of his own religious views. He believes that human pregnancy happens for a divine reason and that man and woman both create a baby and therefore should have an equal say in what happens to that baby. From the Roman Catholic view, the wrongness of abortion is rooted in the Natural Law view that innocent life (i.e. from conception) must be preserved (Hunanae Vitae, 1965). However, it must be noted that in 1993, the Church of England produced â€Å"Abortion and the Church†. In this document, abortion is described as a great moral evil but can be allowed in circumstances in which the foetus endangers the life of the mother or if there is severe foetal disability. Whilst having a baby does not physically endanger Mrs K’s li fe, it can be argued that it endangers her mental life given her depression and anxiety, thereby, justifying an abortion. Moreover, it is important to note that legally, Mr K has no right to demand or refuse a termination under the Abortion Act (1967) Human Rights Act (1998) that place the entire responsibility to the woman. Doctor Health care professionals have a number of responsibilities such as a duty of care to provide women with all the information they need in order to make an informed choice about how to cope with their unplanned pregnancy. The doctor in this case study had the responsibility of making an assessment. Specifically, the doctor must assess the potential impact of pregnancy and birth on Mrs K’s physical and mental health. In fact, the Abortion Act 1967, as amended by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (House of Commons, 2006), clearly says that a registered medical practitioner has the power to lawfully terminate a pregnancy. However, it is difficult to apply blanket rules when dealing with considerably sensitive and difficult decisions, which require a deeper understanding of a woman’s individual needs and desires. Given the difficulties shrouding a pregnancy termination, doctors play an important role in ensuring that a patient always feels supported. Doctors ar e also responsible for giving appropriate information and counselling about all the options available to patients (BMA, accessed 10/01/13).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this case study, Mrs K strongly felt that having an abortion would be the best decision and her doctor should therefore be able to respect her decision. Her doctor should act as a guide and act in the best interest of Mrs K (Pfeffer, 2002). The 1967 Abortion Act also refers to a doctor’s â€Å"rights to follow the dictates of their own conscience† (Pfeffer, 2002). The Doctor therefore, obviously considered Mrs K’s depression and mental capacity and found it suitable to refer her to a clinic. The doctor also was able to see that Mrs K was mentally fit to understand th e procedure and its alternatives (BMA, accessed 10/01/13). Conclusion There is no doubt that abortion is a controversial and hotly debated topic in a variety of academic and professional spheres, and different viewpoints are infused with biological, moral and societal complexity. It is clear that there are numerous positions that people can adopt such as a Utilitarian point of view, a religious perspective, or a personal view when seeing an action as moral or immoral. In this particular case study, given Mrs K’s depression, her current family situation and her strong wishes to have an abortion, I believe that her decision is the right one. As a woman, Mrs K has a right to make her own choices and lead her own life in equality with, not under the control of her husband. Moreover, the fact that Mrs K has become pregnant as a result of a contraceptive failure strengthens her decision, as her pregnancy did not come about from carelessness, but from forces outside of Mrs K’s control.   References Bentham, J. (1789). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London. Beachamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (5th Edition). Oxford University Press. British Medical Association, The law and ethics of abortion. Accessed 10/01/13 from: www.bma.org.uk/-/media/Files/PDFs//Ethics/lawethicsabortionnov07.pdf Caruso, G. D. (2012). Free Will and Consciousness: A Determinist Account of the Illusion of Free Will. Lexington Books. Fieser, J. (2009). Ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed 10/01/13 from iep.utm.edu/ethics/ House of Commons: Science and Technology Committee. Scientific Developments Relating to the Abortion Act 1967. (Volume 1). Accessed 10/01/13 from: publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmsctech/1045/1045i.pdf Humanae Vitae: Encyclical Letter of His Holiness Pope Paul VI, on the regulation of Births (1965). Pfeffer, N. (2002) Fertility counts: from equity to outcome in S. Sturdy (ed.), Medicine, Health and the public sphere in Britain, 1600-2000 (pp. 260-278). Routledge. Singer, P. (1995). Animal Liberation (2nd Edition). Pimlico. Tschudin, V. (1994). Deciding Ethically: A Practical Approach to Nursing Challenges. London: Bailliere Tindall. Warren, M. A. â€Å"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion in T.A. Mappes and D. DeGrazia, (Eds.), Biomedical Ethics (1996), New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc, pp.  434-440. Williams, P. (1981). United Nations. General Assembly. The International bill of human rights. Entwhistle Books.

Assignment For Biochemistry Class Example

Assignment For Biochemistry Class Example Assignment For Biochemistry Class – Assignment Example Assignment for Biochemistry Sugar belongs to the carbohydrates category of biopolymers that interfere in the biological processes in the living bodies (Stick elevated triglycerides and insulin immunity through production of fat within the liver; diabetes from augmented liver glucose production mixed with insulin immunity; and the phenomenon of ageing, induced by damaged DNA, proteins and lipids by nonenzymatic adhering of fructose to them (Lustig, 2010). Thus it can be said that sugar poses similar toxic effects similar to alcohol on liver. As alcohol is obtained by the fermentation of sugar and is said to have similar properties of inducing pleasure although being a natural nutrient (Lustig, Schmidt, and Brindis, 2012).The government should regulate sugar supply but a ban like that imposed on alcohol and cigarettes. However the increased in-take can be limited by imposing taxes and removing subsidies on the over usage of fructose in the processed food items; limiting the availabili ty of fast food to younger people by imposing a complete ban on the sale of such products during school hours and by removing fructose form Generally Regarded As Safe list (Tappy et al, 2010). Yes sugar substitutes like artificial sweeteners are better for consumption as they do not disturb the blood glucose level. ReferencesLustig, R. H. (2010). Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol. J AM Diet Assoc. 110, 1307–1321.Lustig, R. H., Schmidt, L. A. and Brindis, C. D. (2012). Public health: The toxic truth about sugar. Nature 482 (7383), 27-29.Muthana, S.M., Campbell, C.T., & Gildersleeve, J. C. (2012). Modifications of Glycans: Biological Significance and Therapeutic Opportunities. ACS Chem Biol. 7(1), 31-43.Stick, R., & Williams, S. (2009). Carbohydrates: The Essential Molecules of Life, 2nd ed. Elsevier. Tappy, L., LÃ ª, K. A., Tran, C., & Paquot, N. (2010). Fructose and metabolic diseases: new findings, new questions. Nutrition 26, 1044–104 9.

Diffusion and osmosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Diffusion and osmosis - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of the diffusion as the molecular process by which certain particles move from a place of higher concentration to a location of lower concentration containing those same particles. The researcher states that it moves from the higher to the lower concentration because of the concentration gradient which is the difference in concentration levels between two adjacent regions. The author has rightly presented that diffusion stops when the concentrations between these two become equal or have reached equilibrium. This essay discusses that osmosis is simply a type of diffusion in which water moves from high concentration to that of the lower water concentration. The paper tells that both processes, diffusion, and osmosis, are examples of passive transport as is shown in the figure in the paper. It means that there is no energy required to facilitate these processes. The author has rightly presented that in biology, diffusion is the simplest and easiest way to move substances (molecules, nutrients, vitamins, minerals, ions, etc.) across the cells' membranes. The basic understanding underlining the case study is that it saves unnecessary expenditure of energy which is in sharp contrast to active transport, the way by which cells move certain materials against the concentration gradient, thereby requiring the use of energy (forced movement).

Balancing Freedom of the Press and the Right to a Fair Trial Term Paper

Balancing Freedom of the Press and the Right to a Fair Trial - Term Paper Example Over the past several years, the US Supreme Court has decided a number of cases involving the effects of publicity before and during a hearing on the defendant’s right to a fair and impartial adjudication process (Curry, Riley, & Battistoni, 2003, p. 462). In doing so, the US Supreme Court has provided valuable guidance for trial judges to follow to provide a reasonable balance between the right to a fair and impartial adjudication process and the right to free/unrestrained press. One popular pre-trial mechanism is a change of venue. However, the US Supreme Court has emphasized that a change of venue will not automatically be necessary because of frequent or prejudicial reports in the media indicating the defendant’s culpability or guilt. The determining factor is whether or not it is possible to empanel a jury that is capable of listening to and evaluating the evidence impartially (Neitzel, 1999). Another safeguard against the potential prejudicial effects of media reports prior to a trial is for a continuance/adjournment. It is believed that a continuance/adjournment may allow for the prejudicial information to die out. However, psychologists do not believe that delaying a trial will have an appreciable effect on the ability to recall particularly unpleasant facts (Nietzel, 1999). Moreover, delays can have an impact on the integrity of the evidence and can unfairly prejudice either the defendant of the state’s right to a fair and impartial adjudication process. ... However, when inadmissible evidence is available to the jury by virtue of the press either during prior to the trial or during the trial, it is unrealistic to expect that the jury will be able to totally ignore external sources of information. Over the past several years, the US Supreme Court has decided a number of cases involving the effects of publicity before and during a hearing on the defendant’s right to a fair and impartial adjudication process (Curry, Riley, & Battistoni, 2003, p. 462). In doing so, the US Supreme Court has provided valuable guidance for trial judges to follow to provide a reasonable balance between the right to a fair and impartial adjudication process and the right to free/unrestrained press. One popular pre-trial mechanism is a change of venue. However, the US Supreme Court has emphasized that a change of venue will not automatically be necessary because of frequent or prejudicial reports in the media indicating the defendant’s culpability o r guilt. The determining factor is whether or not it is possible to empanel a jury that is capable of listening to and evaluating the evidence impartially (Neitzel, 1999). Another safeguard against the potential prejudicial effects of media reports prior to a trial is for a continuance/adjournment. It is believed that a continuance/adjournment may allow for the prejudicial information to die out. However, psychologists do not believe that delaying a trial will have an appreciable effect on the ability to recall particularly unpleasant facts (Nietzel, 1999). Moreover, delays can have an impact on the integrity of the evidence and can unfairly prejudice either the defendant of the state’s right to a fair and impartial adjudication process. For example,