Aspects of Psychology Unit4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aspects of Psychology Unit4 - Essay Example They do not consider physical traits of human beings as part of their intelligence. Sternberg’s Model Robert Sternberg (1988) proposed a theory of intelligence called as ‘triarchic theory’ as according to him, intelligence consists of three aspects interacting with each other (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The fist aspect is the internal skill of information processing which helps the human being to behave intelligently (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The second aspect is the ability of human being to create a match between the internal skills and the external environment in the best possible way (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The third aspect is the ability to take the help of past experiences to tackle the new or unfamiliar information, successfully (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). Sternberg’s theory shows that intelligence is the ability to use different internal and external aspects to achieve success and to realize potential. Spearman’s Model Spearman’s model of intelligence is called as a ‘two-factor model’ of intelligence. ... The results revealed that children who scored well in one test also scored well on other tests (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman noticed that there was a positive correlation between the tests designed to measure different mental abilities like memory, reasoning, creativity etc (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman concluded that even though the tests were aimed at measuring different mental abilities, they had one factor common in them, which was getting measured in all the test results (Pyle, 1979, p.7). He concluded that this common factor was ‘general intelligence’ and named it ‘g’ (Pyle, 1979, p.7). However, he also realized that even though intelligent children scored well in all the tests, their scores were not exactly the same in all the tests (Pyle, 1979, p.7). This is because every test was designed to measure a ‘specific’ ability of a child and hence, it displayed the specific skill set of a child (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman named this factor as â₠¬ËœSs’, indicating that even though ‘general intelligence’ was a common factor in children scoring well in the tests, their specific abilities were different from each other (Pyle, 1979, p.7). As Spearman’s model of intelligence is based on the two factors of ‘general’ and ‘specific’ intelligence, it is called as ‘two-factor model’ (Pyle, 1979, p.7). According to Spearman’s model, ‘intelligence’ is the mental energy or the ‘general ability’ of human being which ‘flows’ and guides him in most of his activities (Pyle, 1979, p.8). Spearman believed that all human beings have ‘g’ to some degree but as there is a difference in the level of their general intelligence, their mental abilities are different (Pyle, 1979, p.7). People differ from each

Public Service Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public Service Management - Essay Example Consideration of research works of Nijkamp, Van der Burch and Vidigni (2002) and Broadbent and Laughlin (2003) reveals the fact that extent of convergence between public and private modes of organising in public services management differs significantly with change in nature of public sector. Zouggari (2003) projected serious doubts over sustainability in convergence of public and private modes of organising. According to Zouggari (2003), these two modes of organizing are different in terms of their inherent characterises; therefore, collision may arise during the time of convergence between these two modes of organising in public services management. On the other hand, Spackman (2002) and Sussex (2003) found that extent of convergence between public and private modes of organising can enhance with proper control mechanism. It is evident from the mentioned theoretical arguments that controversy and doubt exists among scholars regarding extent of convergence between public and private modes of organising in context to public services management. Such level of perplexity and confusion regarding extent of convergence has influenced this study to shed light on the topic and analyse validity of arguments presented by previous scholars. While defining importance of convergence between public and private modes in public services management, Wettenhall (2003, pp. 77) used the statement, â€Å"The term partnership is now a dominant slogan in the rhetoric of public sector reform, arguably capturing that status from privatization which held similar dominance through the 1980s and 1990s.† According to Wettenhall (2003), concepts of new public management (NPM) and public-private partnerships (PPP) can be used in order to realize characteristics of convergence between public and private modes of organizing. However, Johnston and Gudergan (2007) had stressed more on public-private partnerships (PPP) as potential mechanism to achieve the